homely和ugly-homely

英语多前重心，汉语多后重心。在表达多逻辑思维时，英语往往是判断或结论等在前，事实或描写等在后，即重心在前;汉语则是由因到果、由假设到推论、由事实到结论，即重心在后。

英语和汉语的重心在句中的位置有时是不一样的，翻译的时候如果不进行调整，势必给表达造成很大的困难。以上是英语跟汉语在思维方式和表达习惯上的十大区别。只有了解这些区别，才能对英译汉有正确的认识，才能在翻译中抓住重点，找到解决问题的办法。

注意英国英语和美国英语的不同。英美语言之间有很多差异，比如:英国英语中continent指欧洲大陆，而在美语中，continent却指美洲大陆;又如:英语中homely是“家常的、朴素的”的意思，并无贬义，在美语中却是“不漂亮的”。所以翻译时一定要搞清文章是英语作者还是美国作者写的。

“理解是翻译的前提”。只有在准确理解的基础上，才能开始翻译。英语是用大量的关系词、连接词和引导词等连接起来的结构清楚、层次分明、逻辑严密的“形态语”，所以理解的时候就必须理清句子的语法结构，分清句子中各成分之间的语法关系，即找出句子的主干，弄清句子的各个修饰成分以及修饰关系。

和家有关的英文单词有哪些?

以下这个表很全，左边是英国，右边是美国的说法。

BRITISH TO AMERICAN

Accumulator (automotive) = battery, car battery

Alsatian (dog) = German shepherd

Articulated lorry = tractor-trailer (truck), a "semi"

Ass = donkey; U.S. ass = G.B. "arse," i.e. one's backside (in addition to normal "donkey")

Athletics (an ... meet) = track and field

Backlog = log-jam, pile-up (of business orders, for example). U.S. backlog = comfortable reserve of orders — difference between the two is in opposite interpretation or connotation of same basic situation.

Bank holiday = holiday

Bap = bun, hamburger bun, hamburger roll

Mrs. Beeton = Fanny Farmer (standard cooking, household reference book)

Bespoke = custom-tailored, tailor-made

Big Dipper = roller coaster (at a "Fun-Fair" = "Amusement Park"

Bilberry = blueberry

"Bird" = "chick"

Biro = Papermate (ball-point pen trade name which equals "generic" name)

Biscuit = cookie (U.S. "biscuit" is a baked bread, "bap," "scone"

Blancmange = vanilla pudding

Block, block of flats = apartment building (U.S. term "block" [city block] unknown as such in British English, though usually understandable.

"Bomb" (theater terminology) = a "hit," a great success. U.S. "bomb" = G.B. failure, critical disaster, i.e. the two are exact opposites in sentences like "The play was a bomb!"

Boiler suit = overalls

Bonnet (automotive) = hood (of a car...)

Boot (automotive) = trunk (of a car...)

Bottom drawer = hope chest

Bowler (hat) = derby (special connotations & different pronunc.)

Braces = suspenders; U.S. suspenders = G.B. garters, stocking fasteners

Brambleberry = blackberry

Bottom of the street = end of the street

Box (TV) = Tube (both slang, colloquial terms)

Bull = "mickey mouse" (unnecessary military drill); U.S. bull = G.B. cock

Bum = ass, rectum; U.S. bum = G.B. tramp, derelict

Bun in the oven = pregnant, eating for two

Call box = (tele)phone booth

Camp bed = cot; U.S. cot = G.B. baby bed

Car park = parking lot

Caretaker (for a building) = janitor (not same as "vahtimestari")

Carriage (railway) = railroad car, subway car

Carrier bag = shopping bag

Caucus = permanent group in a political party; U.S. caucus = G.B. ad hoc planning meeting of a group in a political party

Central reservation = median strip (between halves of a divided highway)

Charge sheet = police record

Chemist (drugstore) = druggist

Chips = french fries; U.S. chips often = dried buffalo, cow dung (other cases, i.e. poker chips, wood chips, the same)

Chucker-out = bouncer (doorman or "enforcer" in a bar/restaurant

"In the City" = "on Wall Street" (in main financial district)

City editor = financial editor; U.S. city editor = G.B. "community news editor"

Cloakroom = toilet; U.S. cloakroom = clothes closet, garment storage area

Coach = intercity bus

Combinations = union suit (colloquial for long underwear)

Comforter = scarf; U.S. comforter = heavy quilt, blanket

Compére = Master of ceremonies, M.C. (of TV game show, etc.)

Constable = (police) officer

"To cop" = "to get" something unpleasant, i.e. "to cop a 15-pound fine." U.S. "to cop" = to plead guilty to a lesser charge in order to avoid prosecution & probable conviction on a more serious charge ("to cop a plea" = "plea-bargaining")

Corn = all grain crops; U.S. corn = G.B. "maize" only.

Costermonger = pushcart seller

(Sent to) Coventry = ostracized

Crisps = potato chips

Cupboard = closet; U.S. closet = G.B. w.c., or toilet

Davenport = antique folding writing desk; U.S. davenport = large sofa, often which folds out into a bed at night.

Deposit account = savings account

Dinner jacket = tuxedo ("black tie" formal dress)

Dormitory = bedroom; U.S. dormitory = G.B. residence hall

Dresser = kitchen sideboard; U.S. dresser = bedroom drawers, vanity

"Duck" = "goose egg" (a zero on the scoreboard of a sports match)

Dumb = mute; U.S. dumb usually means "stupid" rather than "mute," which is a secondary meaning in U.S. usage.

Dustbin = garbage can, ashcan (exterior waste-disposal unit)

Dynamo (automotive) = generator (within automobile engine)

Earth wire = ground wire (in electricity, electronics)

Elastic band = rubber band

To Enjoin = to compel, to legally force; U.S. enjoin = to legally forbid — i.e. same term in same general contextual usage has precisely the opposite meaning

Ex-serviceman = veteran; U.S. veteran = G.B. old ex-serviceman; (U.S. term has no special age connotation, only that the person have had prior military experience sometime)

Fag = (a) cigarette; (b) public-school underclass "servant"; U.S. fag = low-slang term for male homosexual.

Fanny = vagina (vulgar usage); U.S. fanny = light euphemism for "backside," either male or female.

First floor = second floor, etc. (Britain walks in ground floor, goes up 1 set of stairs to first floor; U.S. ground floor and first floor are the same.

Fish slice = pancake turner, spatula (kitchen tool); U.S. spatula = G.B. tongue depressor (medical instrument)

Fitted carpet = wall-to-wall carpeting

Flan = pie, fruit pie

Flannel = washcloth; U.S. flannel = heavy warm cotton fabric; "flannels" would be long underwear made from such heavy warm fabric.

Flat = apartment; U.S. flat = tenement flat = poor-standard slum apartment.

Flick knife = switch-blade knife, a switchblade

Flyover = overpass (as in a bridge over a road); U.S. flyover = airplane passing over a certain place, as in military parade "flyovers"; verb is "to overfly."

Form (school) = grade [i.e. first form = first grade in school]

Garden = yard; U.S. garden = vegetable garden, fljower garden, i.e. area of special cultivation. U.S. yard = G.B. paved area (lorry yards)

Goods (car, train) = freight; U.S. goods = supplies, commercial stock

Grind = sexual intercourse; U.S. grind = slang for "hard (routine) work."

Haberdasher = notions seller; U.S. haberdasher = men's clothing seller

To Hack = to (deliberately) kick; U.S. to hack = to chop, cut viciously.

High street = Main street

To Hire = to rent (in most cases); U.S. to hire = to employ Hire-purchase = (the "never-never") = installment plan

Hoarding = billboard (large advertising sign alongside road)

Hold up = traffic jam; U.S. holdup = robbery at gunpoint.

Homely = home-loving, domestic, pleasant; U.S. homely = plain- looking (female), therefore often "left" at home.

To Hoover = to vacuum (carpets, etc.) "Hoover" in the U.S. is a brand name only, never used as a verb.

Inland = internal, domestic (Inland Revenue = Internal Revenue)

Inverted commas = quotation marks (GB = 'xx'; USA = "xx")

Inquiry agent = private detective

Jelly = Jello (deriving from brand name Jell-O, gelatin dessert)

"On the job" = having sexual intercourse; U.s. "on the job" = while working, learning, i.e. "on the job training."

Joint = pot roast; U.S. "joint" = marijuana cigarette

Juggernaut lorry = a very large truck, an overlong truck, a "double semi" truck

Jumble sale = rummage sale

Jumper = light pullover (sweater); U.S. jumper = type of knee- length woman's dress worn over blouse or sweater

Kirby grips = bobby pins (to fasten long hair ...)

A Knock-up = (tennis) to warm up, to volley a few, to practice-volley

To Knock up = to awaken, call early in the morning; U.S. "to knock up" is colloquial for "to impregnate"

Lacquer = hairspray; U.S. lacquer = wood varnish, shellac (high-gloss), i.e. protective decorative wood coating

Ladder = (in women's stockings" = a runner, a run

Lay-by = (beside a road) = a pull-off, a rest area.

Left-luggage office = check room, baggage check (room)

Level crossing = railroad crossing.

Lift = elevator

Lip balm = chapstick

Logic-chopping = splitting hairs, hair-splitting

Long jump (in athletics) = broad jump (in track and field)

Lorry = truck

Loud-hailer = bullhorn, amplified megaphone

Lucky dip = grab bag (children's party game or activity ...)

Lumber room = spare room, storage room (in a home)

Mackintosh = raincoat, overcoat, trenchcoat

Mains = ordinary built-in home electrical network (no special word as equivalent in U.S.)

Market garden = truck farm

Marrow (vegetable) = squash, gourd

Mason = stoneworker; U.S. mason can be stone- or brickworker

Marriage lines = marriage certificate

Mean = stingy, tight with money; U.S. "mean" normally means nasty, spiteful, ill-meaning in action toward another

Mess kit = formal military dress for ceremonial dining; U.S. mess kit = army or boy scout utensils for cooking or eating a meal on the trail.

Minced meat = hamburger meat, ground beef; U.S. mincemeat = sweet, spicy ground meat/fruit/nut combination used for making pies, especially around Thanksgiving/Christmas

Mineral water = any carbonated soft drink; U.S. mineral water = bottled natural water (containing normal minerals) from spring or health spa, Perrier water, etc.

Mistress = teacher in girls' school; U.S. mistress = lover (extramarital)

Mob = gang, group (neutral); U.S. mob = angry crowd; "the mob" = Mafia

Motorist, motoring = driver, driving

Music Hall = vaudeville (generic entertainment type/place name)

Nappy = diaper (for infants not toilet-trained)

A Neat drink = a straight drink, i.e. "give me a straight whiskey" = whiskey without water or other additives

Nervy = nervous, jumpy; U.S. nervy = bold, impertinent, i.e. nearly the opposite of the British usage

Night club = private membership club; U.S. nightclubs are public (commercial) entertainment places

Number plate = license plate (on automobiles)

Off-license = liquor store

Old boy (girl) = alumni, alumnus, alumna [of a school]

Pantechnicon = moving van

Panda car = police patrol car, police cruiser

Patience (card game) = Solitaire

Pecker (keep your pecker up) = keep your chin up; U.S. pecker = penis

Pram (peramulator) = baby carriage, baby buggy, stroller, walker

Petrol = gasoline, gas (to go in automobiles, airplane, etc.)

Pie = meat pie; U.S. pie is always a fruit or fruit-derived pie, unless "a meat pie" is specifically indicated

Pillar-box = mailbox, post office box, letter box, letter drop

Pissed (he was really...) = drunk; U.S. "pissed = angry, upset

Pitch () = field (football) [GB "football" = US ""]

Plimsolls = sneakers, tennis shoes, gym shoes

Point = electric outlet, railroad switch (depending on context)

Polka dots = chocolate chips (food product for baking)

Prawn = shrimp

Prom, prom concert = music concerts where most of the audience is standing; U.S. prom = dance, semi-formal, especially at end of year in high schools, colleges

Rates = local, municipal property taxes

Redundant = laid off (from a job); U.S. redundant = superfluous (no connotation of connection with jobs at all)

Return ticket = round-trip ticket

Ringway = circular road (around a city), bypass

Rise = raise in salary

To Roger = to "screw," have sex with; to exploit, take advantage of, to use

Roll neck (pullover) = turtleneck (sweater).

Roundabout = traffic circle

Rubber = eraser; U.S. rubber = condom, prophylactic device

Saloon = "sedan" car (automobile); US saloon = western-style bar

Saloon bar = one section of an English pub

Sanitary towel = sanitary napkin, feminine hygienic item

A good screw = a good salary; U.S. "good screw" equals good "" or good sexual experience

To Screw = to cajole, persuade, extract money from; U.S. "to screw" = to have sex with, fornicate

Season ticket = commuter (train, bus) weekly or monthly ticket; U.S. season ticket is admission ticket to all home games in one season of a particular sports team

To Second to = to temporarily loan staff to another job or unit

Sellotape = Scotch tape (both brand names now used as "generics"

"Semi" = duplex, duplex house; U.S. "semi" = tractor-trailer truck rig

Seminary = Roman Catholic seminary only; U.S. Seminary can be ANY religion, i.e. Lutheran, Methodist seminaries

Sherbet = powdered, fruit-flavored candy; U.S. sherbet = G.B. sorbet (pronounced "soorbay")

Shorthand-typist = stenographer

To shy = to throw something (he shied a rock at the stray dog...)

Sideboards = sideburns (in a hairstyle)

Single = one-way ticket; U.S. "single" in context would mean "only one" as opposed to "several" tickets

To Snog = to neck (i.e. kissing, hugging, etc., esp teenagers)

Spinster = any unmarried woman; U.S. spinster is always OLD unmarried woman

Standard lamp = floor lamp (as opposed to table or wall lamp)

S.T.D. (subscriber trunk dialling) = direct distance dialling [on the telephone, as opposed to dialling through operator]

Steps = ladder; U.S. "steps" always would mean staircase, built- in stairway or staircase

To stream (pupils in a school) = to track (streaming = tracking)

Stroke (punctuation) = diagonal, slash

To Stuff = to fornicate, have sex with; U.S. "I'm stuffed..." = to be comfortably, pleasantly full of food, satiated

Sub-editor = copy reader or rewrite person, in journalism

Subs = dues, as in union dues, etc.

Subway = underground walking passage, underpass, pedestrian tunnel; U.S. subway = G.B. "underground," i.e. underground railway system for public transportation

Superannuation scheme = retirement pension plan

Supply teacher = substitute teacher

Supertax = surtax

Surgery = a doctor's office, office hours, reception time; U.S. "surgery" refers to "surgeon" operating on a patient

Suspenders = garters, for socks or stockings only; U.S. suspenders = G.B. braces, for holding up trousers

Sweet = dessert, or piece of candy

Sweetshop = candy store

To Table (parliamentary procedure, conference terminology) = to put on agenda for immediate handling; U.S. "to table" = to put aside [indefinitely], to delay further handling

Tannoy = public address (p.a.) amplification system

Teat = baby bottle nipple; US teat = GB nipple = breast nipple

Terrace house = row house, garden apartment, town house

Are you Through? (telephone) = are you connected; U.S. "are you through"? = are you finished, completed, with your call

To tick = to check, place check mark beside

Tights = hose, panty hoseh, nylons, nylon stockings; U.S. tights = leotards, skin-tight exercise suit, knit stocking pants

Tinkle = telephone call [give me a tinkle sometime]; U.S. "tinkle" = children's talk for "to urinate"

Tip = garbage dump; U.S. tip = hint, advice, clue

Torch = flashlight; U.S. torch = burning, flaming light or weapon

Touchline = sideline (in sports, such as on pitch, etc.)

Tower block = high-rise apartment building

Trade union = labor union (but usually organized by "trades" in England, by "industry" in the U.S. — US "Auto Workers' Union" would be represented by different "trades" in GB)

Tram = streetcar, trolley car

Transport cafe = truck stop (roadside cafeteria, restaurant, popular with truck [lorry] drivers

Traveller = travelling salesman

Treacle = molasses

Trousers = pants; U.S. pants = G.B. underwear shorts

Trunk call = long-distance call (on a telephone)

Turn it up (colloquial) = stop it, cut it out! U.S. "turn it up" = increase the volume

Undercarrige = landing gear (aircraft)

Underdone = rare (extent to which you wish your meat cooked)

Underground= subway (cf "subway")

Vest = undershirt; U.S. Vest = G.B. waistcoat

Windscreen (automotive) = windshield

Wing (automotive) = fender, bumper (pre-70s designs...)

White spirit = turpentine, paint thinner; U.S. "white lightning" (spirits) = potent home-distilled backwoods alcohol!

Wholemeal = whole-wheat (bread, flour, etc.)

Yankee/Yank = any American in general, U.S. Yankee = Northeast erner ONLY, i.e. specific regional, historical definition

Zebra crossing = crosswalk, pedestrian crossing (Ped Xing)

"Zed" = "Zee" (pronunciation of last letter in alphabet)

初中英语语法-以-ly结尾的形容词用法说明

family家庭 relative亲戚 family bond 亲情

Blood Ties 血缘亲情

Flesh and blood 骨肉亲情

household house

亲情：family

骨肉至亲：Flesh and blood relatives

亲如手足:brotherhood

亲密无间:close

以-ly结尾的形容词用法说明

　英语中，以-ly结尾的单词基本上是副词，也就是说词尾-ly是副词的标志，但是值得特别注意的是，有些单词以 –ly 结尾却通常用作形容词。如：

　1. 一些表示人的名词加–ly构成形容词。如 friendly, manly, womanly, brotherly, sisterly, wifely, comradely, husbandly等。这类形容词除friendly可做表语外，其余的一般都只用作定语，表示被修饰的名词具有某类人的性格特征。如：

　He spoke in a friendly way. 他说话的态度很亲切。

　The boy walked with a manly stride. 那男孩走路迈着大人的步子。

　2. 某些表示时间的名词加–ly构成形容词。如 timely, hourly, daily, weekly, yearly, monthly, quarterly等。这类形容词一般用作定语，而不作表语，不用very修饰。如：

　What is my weekly wage? 我的周工资是多少?

　We pay a yearly visit to my uncle. 我们每年都要看望我的叔叔。

　We cannot be thankful enough to you for your timely and selfish help. 我们对你们及时而无私的援助真是感激不尽。

　3. 某些表示地点的名词加–ly构成形容词。如 homely, worldly等。如：

　It’s a homely meal. 那是一顿家常便餐。

　4. 某些描述性的名词加–ly构成形容词。如：lovely, likely, lively, lonely, sickly等。如：

　What lovely flowers those are! 那些花多么好看啊!

　She is the most likely girl to win the prize. 她是最有希望得奖的女孩。

　5. 某些词尾为–ly的固有单词，如：early, silly, ugly等。除early可作副词外，silly, ugly只能做形容词。如：

　You were very silly to trust him. 相信他, 你可真愚蠢。

　I don’t like the ugly look of that hole in the gable. 我不喜欢山墙上的那个难看的窟窿。